1. It is a Neurodevelopmental disorder which means it is present usually from a young age. Moreover, it affects various areas of development across a lifespan.
2. It is the most commonly diagnosed behavioural disorder of childhood (1 in 20 worldwide). Furthermore, it is usually more common in male children than female children. ²
3. It is an extremely hereditary condition and can present at any age. Although it most often presents in childhood, it is often missed and only presents later in Adulthood^1,2.

The important thing to remember is that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is defined as having a persistent pattern of

• inattention and/or
• hyperactivity-impulsivity

that interferes with

• functioning or
• development

This means that while many people may complain of feeling restless, with poor concentration and show patterns of inattention or hyperactivity, unless it actually impairs their functioning, this disorder may go undiagnosed or may not need treatment. It usually presents with symptoms before the age of 12, and these generally affect functioning in more than one setting. For example: in the home and at school or work.²

• What causes ADHD?
• What are the symptoms?
• How do medical professionals diagnose ADHD?
• Why is it more prevalent today?
• What else could present as ADHD?
• How to treat ADHD?

The cause of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder remains largely unknown. However, research suggests that there is a neurobiological reason for the condition. That is to say, related to the structure, neurotransmitters and the functioning of certain areas of the brain.^1,3 Although environmental and social factors may influence the severity of the condition, they do not cause the condition^1,4.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a clinical diagnosis. A clinician will look at the symptoms presenting, the degree of dysfunction and the setting in which it occurs, and then make the diagnosis. The clinician will support the diagnosis by collecting evidence from the different settings, using validated screening tools and certain functional assessments (either psychological or occupational) depending on the age of presentation.

It is important to recognize that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms may be present in other conditions. Likewise, other medical or social conditions can present as ADHD symptoms. A trained medical professional would need to screen all children suspected of having ADHD for common things first. For instance, hearing or visual problems, learning disabilities or co-existing medical conditions like epilepsy. Adults also need to have a screen for other common conditions that may look just like ADHD. This includes anxiety or mood conditions, substance use disorders or sleep disorders. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms may also present in the context of poor nutritional or poor social conditions.³

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is not treated by a single modality alone. The most prevalent or common form of treatment is with medication^3,4 – i.e. Stimulant or non-stimulant approved treatments. However, it also needs to be treated by concurrent psychological modalities such as behavioural or cognitive therapies. As well as the treatment of other co-existing conditions like learning problems. While the mainstay of the treatment would include pharmacological (medical) and non-medical treatments, the disorder also responds to modifications in the environment. These include structured routines, schedules and predictable timetables for children and adults alike. Ordered and planned activities in the school, home and work environment help provide such routine and structure. Subsequently, these are very effective in helping with ADHD.

If Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is not severely impairing cognitive and behavioural functions, psychological treatments alone may have a good response. In addition, dietary modifications assist with nutritional deficits, and sleep routines and structure also help with attention and focus ^4,5. However, there is not sufficient evidence to suggest that severely restrictive or elimination type diets are helpful, or even as effective in managing ADHD as the mainstay of medication or psychological interventions. Neurofeedback is also a new treatment modality. However, the evidence does not show promise for preference of this treatment when compared with mainstay treatments in severe or impairing ADHD.^{5,6   Last reviewed : 3 August 2024}